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.Thisadded mass is over a ton.All I can say is they must have scraped off an awful lot of Mylar!Solar Radiation This may be the proper place to speak of the extra deadly radiation that is emitted bysolar flares.Collins seems to have fluffed off this problem when he wrote, "In similarfashion, the Van Allen Radiation belts around the earth and the possibility of solar flaresrequire understanding and planning to avoid exposing the crew to an excessive dose of38radioactivity."If NASA had so much understanding of solar flares why did they send Apollo 8, 10, 11,and 12 out just when, as was known to any astronomer that the sunspot cycle with maxi-NASA MOONED AMERICA! / Rene The LEM's Problems / Chap.11 p.96mum flare activity was reaching its peak? Why did they continue the missions over the nexttwo years as that peak slowly declined? If those vaunted 7 million dollar space suits wereany protection against that degree of radioactivity, the atomic core that melted down the pilein TMI(Three Mile Island) could have been removed by now, instead of continuing to tickaway like an atomic time bomb.Collectively all our astronauts spent about 90 days in space during the Apollo years.Since the radiation from the completely unpredictable solar flares travels to the Earth orMoon in less than 15 minutes, not much could have been done about avoiding a flare unlessyou carried lead coffins to hide in.But then if you had the rocket power to add all thatweight you surely wouldn't have spaced out in paper thin hulls, a 5 psi pure oxygen atmo-sphere, nor scraped Mylar from the LEM to reduce its weight.Later, in this book you'll see NOAA's records of the solar flares for those months theApollo crews were in space; far beyond the protection of the Van Allen belts.When you do,I feel sure you'll agree they should have received enough solar flare radiation to constitute afatal dose.Parenthetically, years before the Apollo missions a camera satellite called "BigBird", orbiting below the Van Allan shield, used gold canisters to protect the film fromfogging due to solar radiation.Apparently our astronauts were more than golden.NASA MOONED AMERICA! / Rene The LEM's Problems / Chap.11 p.971.p.205, COUNTDOWN, "Borman & Serling", 1988, Morrow2.p.272, WE REACH THE MOON, "Wilford", 1969, Bantam Books3.p.185, FOR ALL MANKIND, "Hurt", 1988, Atlantic Monthly Press4.p.239, RETURN TO EARTH, "Aldrin", 1973, Random House5.p.116, CARRYING THE FIRE, "Collins", 1974, Ballentine Books6.p.426, APOLLO The Race to the Moon, "Murray & Cox", 1989, Simon & Schuster7.p.428, Ibid.8.p.96, HEROES IN SPACE, "Bond", 1987, Basil Blackwell Inc.9.p.136, COUNTDOWN, "Borman & Serling", 1988, Morrow10.p.316, COLLEGE PHYSICS, "Tipler", 1987 , Worth Publishers, Inc.11.1353 watts *.5 = 676.5 watts per meter square12.676 watts per square meter * 18 square meters = 12,168 watts13.p.312, COLLEGE PHYSICS, "Tipler", 1987 , Worth Publishers, Inc.14.12,168 watts + 222 = 12,390 watts15.K4 = I / (A * e * a)16.K4 = 12,390 / (18 *.5 * 5.673 E 10-8) K4 = 2.3810) K = 394K or 120 C or 248 F17.p.97, JOURNEY TO TRANQUILITY, "Young, Silcock & Dunn", 1969, Simon & Schuster18.p.215, SUITING UP FOR SPACE, "Mallan", 1971, John Day Co.19.p.414, APOLLO The Race to the Moon, "Murray & Cox", 1989, Simon & Schuster20.p.426, Ibid.21.p.64, CARRYING THE FIRE, "Collins", 1974, Ballentine Books22.p.474, MANNED SPACE FLIGHT, "Baker", 1981, Crown23.p.475, Ibid.24.p.476, Ibid.25.p.476, Ibid.26.p.476, Ibid.27.p.477, Ibid.28.p.175, LIFTOFF, "Collins", 1988, Grove Press29.p.476, MANNED SPACE FLIGHT, "Baker", 1981, Crown30.p.479, Ibid.31.p.480, Ibid.32.p.487, Ibid.33.p.406, Ibid.34.1241 - 225 = 1016 pounds35.p.95, "VOYAGE THROUGH THE UNIVERSE - OUTBOUND", 1991, Time-Life36.1016 + 460 = 1476 pounds37.1476 + 640 = 211638.p.101, CARRYING THE FIRE, "Collins", 1974, Ballentine BooksNASA MOONED AMERICA! / Rene Blowholes Of Sea & Space / Chap.12 p.99BLOWHOLES OF SEA & SPACEBlowholes A nostril at the highest point in the head of cetaceans.A vent to permit theescape of a gas.A hungry whale descends into the black depths of one of Earth's oceans to feed.Whenthe oxygen stored in the whale's body begins to run out, the whale surfaces and explosivelydischarges the used air and expired water vapor from its blowhole.The exhaled gases, at thewhale's body temperature, are rich in water vapor.When vented they form a mist uponcontact with the colder air over the water.This is called a spout.The 19th century whalerskept lookouts aloft on the whaling grounds to watch for spouts, because the spouting of alarge whale is visible for miles.When a spout was spotted the lookout would call out, "Tharshe blows!"The officer of the deck would inquire the direction of said whale with, "Wharaway?"The answer would be given in relation to the ship's apparent heading such as, "Threepoints off the stabbird bow."Remember that these were iron men in wooden boats.Few of them were charm schoolmaterial, with "The Right Stuff, so one must forgive them for bellowing back and forth likethe low class louts they were.The blowhole, vital to the whale's survival, was also itsAchille's heel.Several decades ago another species of mammal plunged into the black depthof space.These astronauts were iron men in titanium ships who ascended into the sea ofspace close to our atmospheric shore.Then somehow, they began to change and evolved intocelluloid heroes who stroked our egos while feeding their own.They told and ostensiblyshowed us how they worked wonders as they descended onto the Moon's surface.But, likethe whalers, this group of astronauts also had blowholes that were vital to their survival.These also turned out to be their Achille's heel.Space Proctology The examination of astronauts' blowholes.Now let's practice our new found expertise as space proctologists by making a thoroughexamination of the astronauts' blowholes.According to NASA our mighty mammals daringthe darkness of space were just as dependent upon their blowholes for survival as are thecetaceans of the sea
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