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.1903 Congress expands the list of excluded immigrants to include po-lygamists, anarchists, and other radicals.1907 Congress raises the head tax on immigrants and adds to the ex-cluded list people with physical or mental defects that might af-fect their ability to earn a living, those with tuberculosis, andchildren unaccompanied by their parents.1907 The United States and Japan make the Gentlemen s Agreementrestricting immigration from Japan.1917 Congress codifies previously excluded classes and includes a liter-acy test banning those over sixteen who cannot read some lan-guage.People escaping from religious persecution are exemptfrom the literacy test.The law also bans virtually all immigra-tion from Asia.1921 Congress sets a limit on European immigration of approximately358,000.National quotas are instituted and based on a formulaallowing each nation 3 percent of the foreign-born population ofthat nationality who lived here in 1910.1924 Congress enacts the Johnson-Reed Act, setting the annual quotaof each nationality at 2 percent of the number of foreign-born ofthat nationality resident in the United States according to the1890 census.This quota is replaced in 1927 with the nationalorigins provision, basing each nationality s quota on its propor-tion of the population according to the 1920 census.Propor-tions are based on a figure of 153,714 annually from Europe.1924 The Oriental Exclusion Act bans immigration from Asia. Appendix 2231930 President Herbert Hoover directs consuls to enforce strictly theprovisions of the immigration acts barring those likely to be-come a public charge. 1942 The United States and Mexico agree to the bracero program per-mitting temporary foreign laborers to work in the UnitedStates.1943 Congress repeals the ban on Chinese immigration.1945 Congress passes the War Brides Act facilitating the entry of alienwives, husbands, and children of members of the U.S.armedforces.1948 Congress enacts the Displaced Persons Act allowing the entranceof 205,000 displaced persons in addition to those admittedunder the annual quotas.1950 Congress amends the Displaced Persons Act and adds to the num-bers that may be admitted under its provisions.1952 Congress passes the McCarran-Walter Immigration and Natural-ization Act, which eliminates race as a bar to immigration and naturalization; reaffirms the national origins system but gives every nation aquota; provides for a more thorough screening of immigrants; establishes preferences for those with relatives in America orthose with skills.1953 Congress enacts the Refugee Relief Act authorizing the admissionof special nonquota refugees.1957 Congress passes the Refugee Escape Act liberalizing the McCar-ran-Walter Act and allowing more nonquota immigrants toenter.1960 Congress passes the World Refugee Year Law permitting the en-trance of additional refugees.1962 Congress enacts the Migration and Refugee Assistance Act facili-tating the admission of refugees.1964 The United States and Mexico terminate the bracero program.1965 Congress passes the Immigration Act of 1965, which abolishes the national origins system; establishes a limit of 170,000 from outside the Western Hemi-sphere and a limit of 20,000 from any one country; admits immigrants on a first-come, first-qualified basis; 224 Appendix establishes preferences for close relatives as well as refugees andthose with occupational skills needed in the United States; places a ceiling of 120,000 on immigration from the WesternHemisphere.1976 Congress extends the 20,000 limit per country to the WesternHemisphere and establishes a modified preference system forthe hemisphere.1978 Congress establishes a single worldwide ceiling of 290,000 for theadmission of immigrants and a uniform preference system.1978 Congress creates a Select Commission on Immigration andRefugee Policy to study and evaluate existing immigration pol-icy.1980 Congress passes the Refugee Act of 1980, which increases the total annual immigration to 320,000; increases the number of refugees from 17,400 to 50,000 annu-ally; defines refugee to include people from any part of the world,not just the Middle East or communist countries; creates the office of U.S.Coordinator for Refugee Affairs.1986 Congress passes the Immigration Reform and Control Act, which prohibits employers from knowingly employing undocumentedaliens; grants an amnesty to those who came illegally to the UnitedStates before 1982 and makes it possible for them to becomeresident aliens and U.S.citizens; provides for the admission of temporary farm workers
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