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.For a discussion of this paragraph, see below pp.327 328.23.Su wen 13-82-7.24.Su wen 14-86-10.25.Su wen 14-87-1.26.Su wen 13-83-5.27.Su wen 25-159-3.28.The metaphorical usage of 1here is closely linked to the original meaning ofthe character, i.e., the main rope holding together a net.Harper renders 1as the Mainstay of Heaven. By comparing Han and pre-Han sources and point-ing to similar Babylonian and Indian concepts, Harper showed that the primaryreference of 1was to the fixed stars of the Big Dipper (Ursa Maior), which Unschuld,Huang Di nei jing 12/2/02 1:34 PM Page 354354 noteswere conceived of as a support cord for the multitude of stars and as holdingthe heaven together.See Harper 1978 1979: 3; 1980 1981: 50 51.In 19801981: 51, Harper stated: The idea that in its function as the Mainstay of Heaventhe Big Dipper regulates celestial movements entered into the political theoriesof the period.This idea underlies the ancient tradition that the ruler was to oc-cupy the chamber inside the Hall of Light (ÙÛ) which corresponded to the di-rection indicated by the handle of the Dipper during each of the twelve calen-dar months.See W.E.Soothill, New York 1952: p.93. Moreover, the action ofø 1, similar to the action of b{Y& H"HÙCFmentioned in the Shang shu,Yao dian, was probably linked to the initiation of a new reign by a ritual act whichaligns the new monarch with the model of Heaven (being a model of the Dip-per, which represented Heaven). An adjustment in the calendar for ritual pur-poses is probably involved as well. Harper 1980 1981: 51, responding toCullen 1980 1981: 39.29.Su wen 67-369-11.30.See Harper 1980-1981: 51.31.Su wen 58-302-9.32.Su wen 79-561-2.33.Su wen 76-550-8.34.Su wen 75-549-4.35.Lewis 1990: 211.36. The Han Shu alone lists works with Huang Di in the title under the categoriesof Daoism, yin yang, five phases, militarism, calendars, astrology, astronomy, med-icine, sexual yoga, immortals, and more. Peerenboom 1993: 3.37.Yates 1997: 17.38.The topos of student Huang Di was, as Anna K.Seidel pointed out long ago,not restricted to the Su wen.In fact, as she observed in her study of the rise ofLao zi to divine status in Han Daoism, the Yellow Emperor is never a Master;his wisdom always originated from instructions received by him as a disciple.Hismasters were his ministers as well as daoist sages.and divine beings. Seidel1969: 51.39.Qian 1990: 3.40.Han fei zi ji shi 516, 611.41.Qian 1990: 4.42.Zhang shi lei jing 27.43.Ibid.44.Gao 1988: 8.See Xu 1986a: 45 for a similar view.45.Han yu da ci dian, vol.1, p.1017.46.Xun zi yin de, chap.1, p.2, line 26.47.This was already proposed by Lu Wenchao cÂp, a Qing author.Qian 1990: 5 f.48.Zhuang zi yin de, pian 14, p.39, line 75.49.See Gao 1988: 7 f., for an opposite view.Gao Bozheng equated jinggwith shu and saw in the early usages of jinggmerely references to scriptures or texts. 50.Graham 1978: 243 245.51.Webster s Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary 1965: 122.52.Shi san jing zhu shu, vol.2, 2780 (top). Unschuld,Huang Di nei jing 12/2/02 1:34 PM Page 355notes 35553.This view is shared, among others, by Xu 1986a: 45.54.Huang Di nei jing su wen, p.1, note preceding the heading of the first pian.55.Ibid.; also, Liu Changlin 1982: 15 f.56.Qian 1990: 11, 12.57.Ibid., 12.58.Bai hu tong zhu zi suo yin, 61.59.Qian 1990: 13.60.I am grateful to Donald Harper who attracted my attention to the reference inthe Lie xian zhuanCP«to the su shu¿ , pure documents, referring to writ-ings about sexual cultivation.See Kaltenmark 1987: 181 and 182 n.2 for theaccount of Nüji.61.Jun zhai du shu zhi jiao zheng no.990, p.701.62.See below p.26 33.63.`"ÈøD, Ê%ß¿: ; Qian 1990: 7.64.ping su wen da`"¿: "!; Qian 1990: 7.65.ping su suo jiang wen shi wei su wen`"¿ ø: OÊ%¿:.Zhang shi lei jing, 27.66.Gu jin wei shu kao bu zheng, 204.67.This quote from the Bie lu is from the Tang author Yan Shigu s commentary tothe Han shu (Han shu, p.1732, note 4).Hence at least parts of the original Qilüe may have existed during the Tang era, if Yan Shigu did not quote from yetanother secondary source.68.Qian 1990: 13.69.Ibid.III.EARLY SU WEN TEXTS AND COMMENTARIESBEFORE THE ELEVENTH CENTURY1.Ma 1990: 89 f.2.Ibid., 90 ff.3.Wang Hongtu 1997: 23 ff.4.Ibid., 24.5.Ibid., 28.6.Ibid.; see Su wen 262, note 7.7.The first author to extract a list of treatises, their titles, and their sequence fromthe Su wen commentaries by Gao Baoheng et al
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